<p>Prince Frederick&#39;s Chapel Ruins is a historic site in Plantersville, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The first church on this site, known as Prince Frederick&#39;s Chapel, Pee Dee, was built in 1848 on a site donated by the Rev. Hugh Fraser in 1834. Most of the parishioners were rice planters along the Pee Dee River. These ruins are of the second church here, approved by a committee of Robert Francis Withers Allston, Davison McDowell, and Francis Weston and begun in 1859 but interrupted by the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival church designed by Louis J. Barbot was completed in 1876 with a gift of $1,700 by John Earle Allston. With the decline of rice planting the church gradually fell into disrepair and was eventually deemed unsafe. It was demolished in 1966, leaving only the front wall and tower.</p><br>
<p>The ruins were listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Summer Chapel Rectory, Prince Fredericks Episcopal Church is a historic rectory associated with Prince Fredericks Episcopal Church on CR 52 near Plantersville, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was built about 1850, and is a -story, U-shaped frame building with a clapboard exterior on a raised brick foundation. It has a standing seam metal gable roof and a one-story engaged porch extends across the façade. The rectory was moved to its present location in 1877 after the original chapel was abandoned and served as the rectory for Summer Chapel, Prince Frederick&#39;s Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Summer Chapel, Prince Fredericks Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal chapel associated with Prince Fredericks Episcopal Church and located on CR 52 in Plantersville, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was finished by 1836, and is a one-story, frame chapel with clapboard exterior walls and standing seam metal gable roof. The entrance is sheltered by a hipped roof porch. In 1877 it was moved to Plantersville, to replace the summer chapel there, along with the Summer Chapel Rectory, Prince Frederick&#39;s Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Baptist Church, is a historic church building located at 101 W. McBee Avenue in Greenville, South Carolina. It was constructed in 1858 as the new home of First Baptist Church of Greenville, replacing an earlier structure on the banks of the Reedy River. The congregation of First Baptist Church vacated the site for a new campus on Cleveland Street in the late 1970s at which time a minority of the congregation elected to remain at the downtown site and start a new church under the name Downtown Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building, designed by architect Samuel Sloan, was built in 1858 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>John Wesley Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church at 101 E. Court Street in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. The church was founded in 1866 by James R. Rosemond, who was a former slave. It was originally named Silver Hill United Methodist Episcopal Church, and was renamed after John Wesley in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The current building was built in 1899 and added to the National Register in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Fairview Presbyterian Church is a historic church listed on the National Register of Historic Places near Fountain Inn, South Carolina. The present two-story building, constructed in 1858 in the Greek Revival style, was the fourth building constructed by the church, which was founded in 1786.</p><br>
<p>The building is in nearly original condition. It features white clapboard siding, a tin roof, a pedimented portico and five square masonry front columns constructed from brick reclaimed from the previous church building. The pulpit and pews are original.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Simpsonville, formerly Simpsonville Baptist Church, is a historic Baptist church based in Simpsonville, South Carolina, United States. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was established in 1888 by F.H. Martin. It inaugurated its first building in 1889. It inaugurated a chapel in 1914, which was added to the National Register in 1992. In 1997, it inaugurated a community center. In 2004, it began establishing campuses in the region. It inaugurated a new 1,500-seat auditorium in 2008.</p><br>
<p>According to a church census released in 2023, it claimed 7,091 members and 6 campuses in different cities.</p><br>
<p>Greenville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Donalds, Greenwood County, South Carolina. It was built in 1852 and is a meeting house form, Greek Revival style brick church. Also on the property are a small brick Session House, a large historic cemetery containing about 1,200 identifiable graves, and a natural spring. The earliest graves in the church cemetery date from 1777 and numerous markers indicate service in the American Revolution and American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Pisgah A. M.E. Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located at Hackett Avenue and James Street in Greenwood, Greenwood County, South Carolina. It was built in 1908, and is a brick Gothic Revival-style church. It features a steep, cross-gabled roof with stepped end gables, asymmetrical massing, and pointed stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Congregants have included US Congressman Jim Clyburn and state representative James Felder.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Holy Trinity is a historic Anglican church located near Ridgeland, South Carolina, United States. It was built in 1858, and is a Carpenter Gothic-style church. The Gothic Revival style features include the asymmetrical composition, the wheel window, the buttressed tower, and board and batten sheathing. It features a three-staged bell tower.</p><br>
<p>It is a member of the Anglican Diocese of South Carolina in the Anglican Church in North America. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Gillisonville Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church on USA 278 in Gillisonville, Jasper County, South Carolina. It was built in 1838, and is in the Greek Revival style. Notable features include the a portico supported by Doric order columns on pedestals. In February 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman&#39;s troops visited the church and etched "War of 1861-62-63-64. Feb. 1865. This is done by a Yankee Soldier," on the communion silver. The congregation became Gillisonville Baptist Church on November 19, 1885.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Robertville Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church located at the junction of USA 321 and CR 26  in Robertville, Jasper County, South Carolina. It was built about 1847, and is a one-story, small frame building with Greek Revival and Gothic Revival details. The portico is supported by two plain Doric order columns. The building was originally occupied by the Ascension Episcopal Church of Gillisonville, and purchased by Robertville Baptists and moved to its present location about 1867. Robertville Baptist Church was organized in 1781 and considered the "Mother of Churches" in the area.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel LeRoy House is located at 20 St. Marks Place in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building was built in 1832 as part of a development by Thomas E. Davis of 3½-story brick houses which spanned both sides of the street. The Daniel LeRoy house is one of the three surviving houses of this development, the other two being 25 St. Marks Place and the Hamilton-Holly House at 4 St. Marks Place. It has a marble entrance ornamented with vermiculated blocks. Daniel LeRoy, a South Street merchant and son of wealthy New Yorker Herman LeRoy, married Susan Fish, daughter of Adjutant General Nicholas Fish and Elizabeth Stuyvesant (a daughter of Peter Stuyvesant), and sister to USA Senator Hamilton Fish.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1969, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1982. In Spring 1998, restorations were made on the house, including repainting, repointing brickwork and replacing cornices.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac T. Hopper House is a Greek Revival townhouse at 110 Second Avenue between East 6th and 7th Streets in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Located just south of the New Middle Collegiate Church, it was built in 1837 and 1838 as a rowhouse. The building was also known as the Ralph and Ann E. Van Wyck Mead House, after its first owner. 110 Second Avenue is the only remaining rowhouse out of a group of four at 106–112 Second Avenue that was used by the Meads&#39; extended family, and was originally known as 108 Second Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and was designated a New York City landmark in 2009. It is also located within the East Village/Lower East Side Historic District, which was created in October 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The area that is today known as the East Village was originally occupied by the Lenape Native Americans before later being settled by the Dutch as part of New Amsterdam. Several large farms were built in the East Village area, including that of New Netherland director-general Peter Stuyvesant. and these wealthy country estates by the middle of the 18th century. After a street grid was laid out in accordance with the Commissioners Plan of 1811, development of rowhouses came to the East Village by the early 1830s. By the 1830s and 1840s, the East Village was known as one of New York Citys wealthiest neighborhoods, though this reputation was relatively short-lived as wealthy families moved to Upper Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>The lots at 106–112 Second Avenue were originally part of the Nicholas W. Stuyvesant estate before being sold to developer Thomas E. Davis between 1830 and 1835. Davis never developed the lots, instead selling them to Benjamin, Ralph, and Staats (States) M. Mead, three brothers who developed the lots for their own houses in 1837–1838. The Hopper House was originally house #108, while Ralph Mead and his then-wife Sarah Holmes Mead initially lived in the original #110.</p><br>
<h3>Use</h3><br>
<p>Margaret Robertson bought 108 Second Avenue for $18,500 in 1839, though the house was actually occupied by her son David H. Robertson, a merchant who went bankrupt in 1842. The house was foreclosed upon and was purchased in 1844 for $6,800, at which point ownership was transferred to Ralph Mead. Around this time, 106 Second Avenue was built to the south of the existing rowhouses at 108-112 Second Avenue, and Ralph sold his existing residence at #110 and moved to the next unit south, #108 (the current Hopper House). Ralph Mead lived at #108 with his new wife, Ann Eliza Van Wyck, from 1845 to 1857. The unit was also simultaneously occupied by Ralphs daughter Lydia and her husband Nathan J, Bailey until 1847. The other units in the block also housed other members of the Mead family. Between 1843 and 1858, #112 was the home of Ralphs sons father-in-law, the merchant Francis T. Luqueer, who lived there with his son John. #106 was occupied by Ralphs daughter Harriet Mead, who was married to the son of New York City mayor James Harper.</p><br>
<p>108 Second Avenue remained owned by the Mead family until 1870. It was leased to the extended family of Montgerald de Girardin, a bookkeeper from Martinique, between 1858 and 1862. By 1866, the house was occupied by a doctor named Herman Milgan. When Ralph died in 1866, his son Melville Emory Mead took over ownership. His sister Elizabeth Alvina Mead, along with Elizabeth&#39;s husband Edwin Hyde, were living in the house by 1867. The house was renumbered to #110 in 1870, and was sold to George H. and Cornelia W. Poole Ellery for $20,000. Though the Ellerys primarily lived in Rhode Island, they briefly lived at 110 Second Avenue from 1872 to 1874.</p><br>
<p>In July 1874, the house was purchased for $32,500 by the Women&#39;s Prison Association (WPA), founded in 1845 by Quaker abolitionists and prison reformers Isaac Tatem Hopper and his daughter Abigail Hopper Gibbons.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding neighborhood went through changes in the early 20th century, as the blocks of Second Avenue around the house became known as the Yiddish Theatre District. Subsequently, the area became a primarily Hispanic neighborhood and a busy arts district in the mid-20th century. The New York Times wrote in 2009 that the WPA intentionally made the building appear nondescript since it was still in use as a home. At the time, the Isaac T. Hopper House contained space for up to 20 women. The house is one of a few that remain from the East Village&#39;s years as an upscale neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In December 2020, the Isaac T. Hopper House narrowly avoided burning down from a blaze that engulfed the neighboring Middle Collegiate Church. The occupants of the WPA shelter were evacuated. The building itself sustained some smoke and water damage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Isaac T. Hopper House is surrounded by low-rise apartment buildings. The house is stories tall and measures 25 ft wide, with three window bays, by 125 ft deep. The basement is half a story below ground and contains a brownstone facade, while the three stories above it contain a brick facade. The building is slightly set back from the sidewalk and contains a small front yard behind a metal fence. The front stoop, located half a story above ground level, is in the rightmost bay and leads to a small brownstone portico supported by Ionic columns. The front doorway contains wooden double doors designed in the Italianate style. The windows on the building have metal lintels and sills, which replaced the original stone lintels and sills, and also formerly contained shutters.</p><br>
<p>There are nineteen rooms in the building, many of which contain fireplaces with marble mantels in the Greek Revival style. The rooms retain their original layout and have not been subdivided, unlike in other rowhouses in the East Village. The first floor serves as a "parlor level" and contains two parlors, one in the front and one facing the back. The rooms are separated by a 10 ft sliding wooden door flanked by two Ionic columns. Wooden motifs in the Greek Revival style are present within the rooms. A skylight is also located on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The Croton Aqueduct Gate House is located in Manhattanville, Manhattan, New York City, New York. The building was built in 1884 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1983. After being decommissioned in 1984, the below-grade valve chambers were filled and the building sat empty for nearly two decades. Between 2004 and 2006, Ohlhausen DuBois Architects oversaw an adaptive reuse project converting the gate house into theater space for Harlem Stage/Aaron Davis Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter fraternity house is located at 434 Riverside Drive in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was purpose built in 1898 and continues to serve the Columbia chapter of the Fraternity of Delta Psi , a social and literary fraternity.</p><br>
<p>The chapter house was designed by two prominent New York City architects, Henry Hornbostel and George Carnegie Palmer.</p><br>
<p>For its architectural significance, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 23, 1897, the Alpha chapter of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall) purchased a 36 ft wide lot on 434 Riverside Drive from Harriet B. Hale. The fraternity intended to build a new chapter house closer to Columbia University, which had recently moved to Morningside Heights. The fraternity&#39;s previous Renaissance Revival style chapter house, designed in 1879 by fraternity member William Hamilton Russell of the firm of James Renwick Jr., was at 29 E. 28th Street. In addition to proximity to campus, the new site "afforded breathtaking views of the Hudson River and New Jersey palisades."</p><br>
<p>In 1898, the fraternity hired the architectural firm of Wood, Palmer & Hornbostel to design its new chapter house. The architects were Henry Hornbostel and George Carnegie Palmer; the latter was a member of the Columbia chapter of St. Anthony Hall. The architects filed plans with the city on August 26, 1898. The plans called for a five-story building constructed of brick and stone, costing $45,000 (equivalent to $ in todays money). However, the actual cost of the chapter house was closer to $80,000 (equivalent to $ in todays money). In 1899, the lot was worth another $20,000 (equivalent to $ in today&#39;s money).</p><br>
<p>At the time the fraternity built this chapter house, students did not live on Columbia&#39;s campus. Thus, "Delta Psi was not only the first fraternity to erect its own chapter house near the new Columbia campus, but, in 1899, when it was completed, it was one of only a handful of buildings on Morningside Heights where students could live." Although two other fraternities also built chapter houses in the Morningside neighborhood, this is the only one still in use by a fraternity. Ultimately, land values increased so quickly that its cost outpriced student housing. By 1905, Columbia University provided on-campus residences for students.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Alpha chapter house was designed in Beaux Arts and French Renaissance revival styles. It is unknown why this style was chosen. The style may have been selected "because it was fashionable or because the red brick and limestone trim were similar to the materials used at Columbia&#39;s new buildings. However, the style was likely chosen because it resembled the earlier fraternity house on 28th Street, designed by James Renwick.</p><br>
<p>The building has five stories and a basement. The foundation is constructed of white Indiana limestone. The first story is completely faced with Indiana limestone, with the remaining stories being in red brick that is heavily trimmed in limestone. Above the fourth story, there is a stone cornice surrounding a carved cartouche with the fraternity&#39;s Greek letters ΔΨ.</p><br>
<p>The entrance stoop has granite steps that lead through an arched entrance with ornate wrought iron gates. The actual entrance is set back with a seven-foot wide covered porch or arcade that also served as a balcony for the second story (see photo to left). However, the original north-facing arcade and the windows above it are now blocked by an adjacent building that was constructed in 1910. The upper levels are L–shaped with light courts to provide natural light and ventilation for all rooms. The second, third, and fourth floors have balconies with wrought iron railings. The fifth floor had copper covered dormers. The pyramid-shaped roof is covered in slate. There is also a small yard at the back of the building.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance goes to an arcade that leads to an L–shaped hallway with Doric columns, paneled wainscotting, a dentil cornice, and wooden doors. Also on the first floor, the Arts and Crafts style dining room stretches across the entire width of the building and features Dutch shelving, leaded windows, and wood wainscotting. The second-floor billiard room is still in use. The stairs have slate treads and iron risers, railings, and balusters. There were additional stairs for servants.</p><br>
<p>The upper three levels include bedrooms for twenty to 25 fraternity members. The third floor also includes a library with built-in shelving, a fireplace, and a molded plaster ceiling; the library is dedicated in memory of Henry Evelyn Pierrepont Jr, who joined the fraternity in 1896 and died in 1903. The basement includes a caretaker&#39;s room and a "secret chapter meeting room".</p><br>
<p>In 1906, fraternity historian Edward Fermor Hall wrote that the Alpha chapter house was "beautifully decorated and finished in marble at a large expense."</p><br>
<h2>Noteworthy events</h2><br>
<p>On July 11, 1915, Delta Psi alumnus Daniel Leroy Dresser committed suicide over financial problems in the library of the chapter house. Dresser was the brother-in-law of George Washington Vanderbilt II of Biltmore Estate.</p><br>
<p>The chandelier in the ballroom was featured on the cover of Vampire Weekend&#39;s first album.</p><br>
<p>The Municipal Asphalt Plant is a former asphalt plant at York Avenue and 91st Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, housing the Asphalt Green recreation center. The asphalt plant was completed in 1944 to designs by Ely Jacques Kahn and Robert Allan Jacobs. The current structure, originally a mixing plant, reopened as the George and Annette Murphy Center in 1984. The asphalt plant, which formerly included a conveyor belt and storage facility, produced asphalt that was used to pave roads in Manhattan. The Murphy Center is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Municipal Asphalt Plant&#39;s post-modernist design was intended to fit the residential character of the surrounding neighborhood while also being industrial. The mixing plant was the first parabolic-arched building in the United States to use reinforced concrete. The exterior was designed with four arched ribs, while the walls and roof are made of cast-in-place concrete panels, which were poured around metal ribs. The conveyor belt and storage building were originally also made of reinforced concrete. The modern-day recreation center consists of the George and Annette Murphy Center, the AquaCenter swimming complex, an outdoor field, and a former fireboat pier.</p><br>
<p>An asphalt plant had existed on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, along the East River near 91st Street, since May 1914. Manhattan borough president Stanley M. Isaacs announced plans for a three-level asphalt and sanitation plant on the site in 1939, and Kahn and Jacobs&#39;s plans were announced the next year. Work on the Municipal Asphalt Plant began in 1941, and the plant was dedicated on May 24, 1944. After the plant closed in 1968, the conveyor belt and storage facility were demolished. The New York City government announced plans to redevelop the site in 1971, but neighborhood residents heavily opposed the plan, establishing Asphalt Green on the site in 1973. A restoration of the mixing plant was announced in 1979 and completed in 1984. The recreation center has undergone various upgrades over the years, and a swimming center next to the Murphy Center was constructed in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Municipal Asphalt Plant is on the east side of York Avenue, north of 91st Street, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Built under the supervision of public works commissioner Walker D. Binger, the plant was one of the first projects designed by the firm of Kahn and Jacobs. while Kahn and Jacobs collaborated with engineer Shamoon Nadir in the design of the building. Jacobs took credit for the plants concrete arches, claiming that he had devised this concept while studying under Le Corbusier in France. Although the plant diverged considerably from Kahns earlier designs, he influenced other aspects of the building, such as the use of cast-in-place concrete and prefabricated materials.</p><br>
<p>The Municipal Asphalt Plant is designed in the post-modernist style.</p><br>
<h3>Form and facade</h3><br>
<p>The mixing plant was the first parabolic-arched building in the United States to use reinforced concrete, The arches were more efficient than the more-conventional form of a rectangle, and they further reduced stresses and the need for extraneous reinforced steel. A sundial sculpture by Robert Adzema was installed outside the building&#39;s main entrance in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The architects initially wished to construct the arches using concrete forms, but this would have been slow and costly, and it would have required the equipment to be installed first. Instead, the construction contractors decided to use prefabricated steel ribs, each split into three sections. The walls and roof are made of cast-in-place concrete panels, which were created by pouring concrete around the ribs.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<h4>Asphalt plant</h4><br>
<p>When the asphalt plant was in operation, river barges delivered sand and stone to a hopper above the conveyor belt. The conveyor belt carried materials from the East River shoreline under FDR Drive, then traveled diagonally above ground to the storage facility. The raw materials were then transferred to a secondary belt inside the storage facility. The storage building included large containers for storing raw materials, as well as catwalks and conveyor belts on an upper level, which were illuminated by ribbon windows. Limestone dust was pumped directly to the storage building, while asphalt cement was piped to the storage building.</p><br>
<p>Afterward, dry materials and liquid asphalt cement were mixed in the mixing plant and transported to paving trucks. The plant was capable of creating 120 tons of asphalt concrete per hour, which could be increased to 160 tons per hour during peak times. When it opened, the plant was capable of producing 700 tons of asphalt concrete per day, compared to the 450-ton capacity of the plant that it replaced. At its peak, the plant could produce 900 tons of asphalt concrete per day, which was used for paving roads in Manhattan.</p><br>
<h4>Recreation center</h4><br>
<p>The modern Asphalt Green complex covers 5.5 acre, stretching between 92nd Street to the north, FDR Drive to the northeast, 90th Street to the south, and York Avenue to the west. Originally, the building was supposed to be a three-story structure; the ground floor was to include offices, storage rooms, locker rooms, and an assembly room and theater. The second floor was to include physical-education space and an art studio, while the third story was to include a multipurpose space that could be used as an auditorium or a gymnasium. In the final plans, four levels were added to the Murphy Center, rather than three. The lowest three stories had low ceilings, while the top floor contained a gym with a suspended running track. known as the Paul Mazur Theater.</p><br>
<p>North of the Murphy Center is the AquaCenter, a three-story swimming complex designed in a similar style to the Murphy Center. The AquaCenters main swimming pool measures 170 by across and up to 16 ft deep; part of the pools floor can be moved hydraulically to accommodate disabled guests. The main pool is covered by a curved skylight. There is also a pool for swimming lessons, measuring 18 by, as well as a set of bleachers that can accommodate up to 700 people. The aquatic center was also planned with offices for Asphalt Green officials, as well as a center for sports medicine and physical therapy. The top floor contains a fitness center.</p><br>
<p>West of the swimming center, on York Avenue between 91st and 92nd Streets, is the DeKovats Playground. The play area is named for Hungarian military officer Michael Kovats. A truck ramp runs across the Asphalt Green complex, connecting York Avenue with a waste transfer station operated by the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An asphalt plant had existed on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, along the East River near 91st Street, since March 1914. The site was roughly equidistant from the northernmost and southernmost points of Manhattan, reducing the need for trucks to transport raw materials, and its waterfront location allowed barges to deliver raw materials easily. By the late 1930s, that asphalt plant had become outdated, and the neighborhood had evolved from a partly commercial to a largely residential area. Isaacs wished to develop a new asphalt plant in conjunction with construction on the East River Drive. Furthermore, DSNY operated an ash dump on a neighboring pier at 92nd Street, and fumes from the ash dump had caused land values in the surrounding area to decrease. Many of Manhattans streets were paved in Belgian blocks at the time, but Isaacs wished to repave the boroughs streets in asphalt, which was less expensive than Belgian blocks.</p><br>
<h3>Use as asphalt plant</h3><br>
<p>In mid-1939, Isaacs announced plans to build a three-level asphalt and sanitation plant on the East River near 90th Street. That November, Isaacs announced plans to add an enclosed sanitation facility for DSNY on the neighboring pier. The tunnel was completed by mid-1940; at the time, the Manhattan borough president&#39;s office had also installed pipes for asphalt concrete, as well as conveyor belts for sand and stone. The plan tentatively called for a concrete structure made of several large arches, similar to a bridge arch. Isaacs predicted that the new plant would further reduce pollution. The architect Hugh Ferriss created a rendering of the proposed plant.</p><br>
<p>The building was initially projected to cost $700,000. The New York City Planning Commission approved the installation of dust-elimination equipment in May 1944, just before the plant opened, at a cost of $97,000. The existing equipment already removed 85 percent of dust, but the remaining dust often drifted over the East River and into the nearby Gracie Mansion, the New York City mayor&#39;s residence. The Municipal Asphalt Plant was dedicated on May 24, 1944. Despite initial concerns that local residents would object to the asphalt plant, an apartment building had been developed nearby after construction of the asphalt plant had commenced.</p><br>
<p>The plant produced about 27,000 tons of asphalt in 1945, its first full year of operation, and it was making 50,000 tons by 1948. During this four-year period, the plant produced 150,000 tons of asphalt in total. The plant supplied all of the asphalt used to repave roads in Manhattan; between 1945 and 1948, over 80 percent of repaving projects in Manhattan used asphalt. and the conveyor belt under FDR Drive was repaired in 1963. City highway commissioner Harry J. Donnelly awarded a $14,200 contract for the installation of new dust-removing equipment in 1966; the new equipment could remove 90 percent of the plants dust emissions. At that point, Donnelly said the plant was "one of the air-polluting offenders of Manhattans East Side".</p><br>
<h3>Closure and redevelopment plans</h3><br>
<p>In 1968, the New York City government constructed a new asphalt plant in Queens, serving all five of the citys boroughs, and the separate asphalt plants in each borough were closed. The Manhattan asphalt plants storage facility and conveyor were torn down. By 1969, there were plans to redevelop the site with an 830-seat school and 1,000 apartments for middle-class residents. The school on the Municipal Asphalt Plant&#39;s site would be the first of four new schools in the Yorkville neighborhood. The new development would temporarily house displaced families who were being displaced from the other three sites. The New York City government announced in September 1971 that it would convert the mixing plant into a gymnasium and cafeteria for the new development. The gym and cafeteria were to be shared by a 640-seat elementary school and a 230-seat special education school.</p><br>
<p>Further details of the $50 million project were announced in December 1971. The 5 acre site would have contained 200 low-income, 300 moderate-income, and 700 middle-income apartments, spread across three towers of 20, 41, and 46 stories. Opponents of the plan formed the Neighborhood Committee of the Asphalt Project, led by local doctor George Murphy, in April 1972. The Neighborhood Committee said the neighborhood lacked recreational areas and that several local schools were under-enrolled. The Neighborhood Committee asked the New York City Board of Estimate to rezone the site for recreational use, soliciting the support of 80 percent of nearby buildings&#39; owners. Murphy and his wife Annette circulated a petition to rezone the site, and they organized large groups, which advocated for a recreation center at Planning Commission hearings.</p><br>
<p>Despite opposition to the redevelopment project, the Planning Commission approved plans in October 1972. and the Board of Estimate narrowly vetoed the original plan for the site that December. Local politicians almost unanimously supported the redevelopment project, except for then-City Council president Sanford Garelik, who endorsed the committee&#39;s alternate proposal. In March 1974, the city allocated an additional $1.5 million to the redevelopment project. Due to continued opposition from residents, the Educational Construction Fund officially canceled plans for the Municipal Asphalt Plant development in August 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to recreation center</h3><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the city government constructed a temporary recreation field and two basketball courts outside the mixing plant; the recreation complex became known as Asphalt Green. Work on the 120 yd turf field began in May 1973, and the field was completed that September. At the time, it was described as the East Side&#39;s only recreation field between 15th and 112nd Streets.</p><br>
<h4>Initial renovation</h4><br>
<p>After Asphalt Green opened, the Heckscher and Vincent Astor foundations continued to fund the recreation center, and other organizations also provided monetary support. Architectural firm HOK (the successor to Kahn and Jacobs), in collaboration with Giovanni Pasanella and Arvid Klein, were hired to design the renovation. In early 1976, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation offered a $50,000 matching grant for the proposed renovation of the mixing plant, which was still structurally sound but had degraded over time. By then, local politicians unanimously supported the planned renovation. The city government gave the asphalt plants site to Asphalt Greens operators in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Manufacturers Hanover Corporation and Exxon collectively donated a further $40,000 for the mixing plants renovation in 1977. As part of the project, Asphalt Greens operators had acquired a fireboat pier on 90th Street the same year; the fireboat pier had housed the New York City Fire Departments Marine Division 5 until 1976. The pier was rebuilt in 1978 but was subsequently struck by a passing boat, then further damaged by arson; City officials announced plans in May 1979 to convert the former mixing plant into a community center with a gymnasium, theater, and other facilities. The city government contributed $1.6 million in Federal Community Development Funds from the USA Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the local community raised $800,000. A wind turbine on Mill Rock, solar panels on the pier, and a cogeneration plant was to provide much of the mixing plants electricity.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, Asphalt Green received $92,000 from the NYSERDA and $82,000 from the Vincent Astor Foundation to fund the establishment of an educational center devoted to energy conservation. The energy-conservation center opened in May 1981, providing wind and solar power for both the pier and the former mixing plant. At the time, the renovation of the mixing plant was slated to begin later that year. The Neighborhood Committee had raised $1 million from foundations and $300,000 from local residents, but the committee needed to raise another $300,000. Glenwood Management, which was constructing two buildings directly across York Avenue, agreed to give Asphalt Green $325,000 in exchange for a 20 percent floor area bonus for both buildings. The complex reopened in October 1984</p><br>
<h4>Later modifications</h4><br>
<p>The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation formally licensed Asphalt Greens operators to use Mill Rock in early 1986. By then, the temporary outdoor field had begun to deteriorate, having been in near-constant use for 11 years. As a result, the Neighborhood Committee received a $600,000 city grant and raised $900,000 to fund the restoration of the field. Murphy was planning to add an aquatic center with an Olympic-size swimming pool; at the time, New York City had no Olympic-size indoor swimming pools, leading him to say that "the greatest city in the world doesnt have the pools for to train".</p><br>
<p>The Board of Estimate gave Asphalt Green a $4 million grant in August 1990 to help fund the swimming centers construction. As a condition for receiving the grant, Asphalt Green had to allow free or reduced-free access to its facilities 30 percent of the time. known as the AquaCenter. A wading pool, handball courts, and play equipment were removed to make way for the new swimming center. The pool was completed in June 1993, while the gym facilities opened that October. The project ultimately cost $24 million, of which $6 million came from Albert and Barrie Zesiger, respectively the recreation centers chairman and vice chairman. The aquatic center served 3,000 patrons per week by 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Murphy Center&#39;s roof had deteriorated by the late 1990s due to water damage. The State Division for Youth gave a $190,000 grant to fund repairs to the roof, although Asphalt Green officials estimated that a full roof replacement would cost $1.2 million. The complex also continued to host other sports such as football, soccer, softball, and baseball, as well as programs such as martial arts, Pilates, and yoga. The complex gave free swimming lessons to 5,000 students a year by the early 2010s; among its students was 2012 Olympic medalist Lia Neal.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the neighboring DSNY waste transfer station had closed in 1999 and city officials proposed reopening it in 2006, though local residents opposed this plan for several years. The reopening proceeded and City officials announced in late 2014 that Asphalt Green would have to be closed temporarily while an access ramp to the waste transfer station, bisecting the complex at 91st Street, was built. The city government agreed to build another ramp after Asphalt Green officials and residents expressed concerns that the ramp would endanger children crossing the street. Asphalt Green replaced the Murphy Center&#39;s fourth-floor basketball courts in 2015 with a soccer field. At the end of that year, Asphalt Green officials announced plans to renovate the other three floors of the Murphy Center for $2.2 million. The filters in the main swimming pool were replaced in 2017 for $700,000. The outdoor field was renamed Litwin Field in 2019 after Glenwood Management chief executive Leonard Litwin, a longtime donor to Asphalt Green.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Critical reception</h3><br>
<p>Robert Moses, New York Citys parks commissioner at the time of the asphalt plants completion in 1944, had a negative view of what he dubbed the "Cathedral of Asphalt", In a 1943 op-ed for The New York Times, Moses described the plant as one instance of the "horrible modernistic stuff" being built around New York City. Moses&#39;s comments prompted Binger to defend the design in a New York Times article.</p><br>
<p>The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) displayed a model of the Municipal Asphalt Plant in a 1944 exhibit, "Art in Progress", which showcased 47 buildings that MoMAs staff considered "outstanding examples of good design". MoMA also defended the plant in Built in USA, 1932-1944, a book that accompanied the exhibition. The March 1944 issue of Architectural Forum wrote, "Certainly the contrast of cube and ellipse offered by the two main buildings is a radical departure from the conventional brick fortification style of older industrial buildings, but this novel form is fully justified by the functions and machinery it encloses." Architectural Forum attributed the buildings "chopped off and incomplete" appearance to the fact that, at the time of the plant&#39;s completion, concrete arches had only been used for structures such as drill halls, auditoriums, and hangars.</p><br>
<p>After the 1980s renovation, Paul Goldberger of the Times said that renovation architects HOK and Pasanella + Klein "did all they could to preserve the essence of this great industrial building". Ralph Gardner Jr. of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2011 that, after the Municipal Asphalt Plant was converted into Asphalt Green, it had "become singularly successful, something of a town square, its facilities attracting everyone from children arriving for swimming lessons to the elderly."</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the mixing plant as a New York City landmark in January 1976; At the time, Goldberger wrote that the mixing plant was a "crucial modern monument in the city" and that "it has been doing unofficial landmark duty for a long time". Conversely, some critics of the LPC questioned whether the mixing plant was even worthy of landmark status. Kent Barwick of the LPC said that, by giving landmark status to such structures as the Municipal Asphalt Plant, sidewalk clocks, and the interiors of several New York City Subway stations, the LPC was "getting closer to a complete package" with regards to the types of structures that received landmark status. The mixing plant was also placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>Asphalt Green Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, operates the former Municipal Asphalt Plant. George Murphy founded the organization in 1975, while he was advocating to convert the plant into a recreation center. The organization operates youth and adult sports programs, one-third of which are free to the public. the Battery Park City facility contains a swimming pool, gymnasium, fitness center, and outdoor fields.</p><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Houses in New York City were built in 1909. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Houses are listed together on the National Register of Historic Places and individually on the New York City Landmark Preservation Commission registry. They are</p><br>
<p>680 Park Avenue - Percy R. Pyne House (now the Americas Society)</p><br>
<p>684 Park Avenue - Oliver D. Filley House (now the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute)</p><br>
<p>686 Park Avenue - William Sloane House (now the Italian Cultural Institute of New York)</p><br>
<p>690 Park Avenue - Henry P. Davison House (now the Italian Consulate General)</p><br>
<p>The Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House is a mansion located at 60 East 93rd Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The home was built in 1930 as a residence for Virginia Fair Vanderbilt, who was a daughter of James Graham Fair and the ex-wife of William Kissam Vanderbilt II. It was designed by John Russell Pope in the Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a location for the Lycée Français de New York for many years until the school completed a new building around 2003. The mansion now serves as a gallery for Carlton Hobbs LLC, an antique dealer specializing in fine European furniture and works of art.</p><br>
<p>It is located beside the William Goadby Loew House at 56 East 93rd Street.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Academy is a historic building located in a residential area of the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building was built as a school building for St. Marys Catholic Church, which is listed separately on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure was built in the 19th century during the pastorate of the Rev. Michael Flavin who served the parish from 1871 to 1884. After the parish built a new school and convent across the street from the church during the pastorate of Msgr. J.P. Ryan It was at this time that the rear chapel addition was built. The name of the building was referred to then as St. Mary&#39;s Home. The structure was later converted into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed of red brick in the Romanesque Revival style. Bands of rough cut stone are placed above the windows and the same stonework frames the main entrance. The 3½ story building features a rectangular plan, a hipped roof, advanced corner and end pavilions with parapet gables, and a symmetrical front. Decorative brickwork may be found across the top of the building, just below the roofline. he main entrance is constructed of cast iron and features art glass and Greek fret decorative elements. A statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary remains in the niche at the top of the entrance tower.</p><br>
<p>Clinton AME Zion Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located on Johnson Street between Marion and Richland Streets in Kershaw, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built in 1909, and is a one-story, T-shaped, Gothic Revival style frame structure covered with clapboard siding and has a brick pier foundation with concrete block infill. It was the first separate black church established in Kershaw in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Lancaster Presbyterian Church, also known as The Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery, is a historic Presbyterian church on W. Gay Street in Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built in 1860-1862 and is a brick, Basilican plan church. The interior walls are stuccoed and scored to resemble stone. It is thought to have been the first brick church in Lancaster County. It was purchased in 1976 by the Lancaster County Society for Historical Preservation, Inc.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Mount Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church & Campground is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Zion camp meeting grounds in Heath Springs, South Carolina, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was established in 1866 and consists of a complex of approximately 55 small "cabins" or "tents" and the brick church of Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church is located in the general form of a rectangle. Mount Carmel A.M.E Zion Church Campmeeting starts every year on the first Wednesday in September, and last for 4–5 days. An "arbor," or open-air structure, is located in the center of the complex, where music, gospel singing, praise and worship, preaching and teachings are held. People come to worship, fellowship, network, and eat food from as far as New York City, NY to Orlando, FL. There is also a section on the grounds for vendors. The majority of the cabins are small frame, some are two story cabins for larger families made from concrete block and wooden structures. Also on the property is the church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Waxhaw Presbyterian Church Cemetery, also known as Old Waxhaw Cemetery, is a historic Presbyterian church cemetery located near Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was founded in 1757 and is a visual reminder of the pioneer settlement of Waxhaw. It includes noteworthy examples of 18th and 19th century tombstones.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>William Richardson Davie, Governor of North Carolina, 1798</p><br>
<p>Andrew Jackson, Sr., father of Andrew Jackson</p><br>
<p>Andrew Pickens, Sr. and Ann Pickens, parents of Andrew Pickens, USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>James H. Witherspoon, Lt. Governor of South Carolina, 1826–1828</p><br>
<p>Casualties of "Buford&#39;s Massacre", May 28, 1780</p><br>
<p>Duncan&#39;s Creek Presbyterian Church, also known as Old Rock Church, is a historic Presbyterian church located near Clinton, Laurens County, South Carolina. It was built in 1842 and is a simple rectangular building constructed of irregular stones. The church was founded by Scotch-Irish and Irish settlers and believed to be the oldest church in Laurens County.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Lynchburg Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at South Lynchburg, Lee County, South Carolina. It was built in 1855, and is a two-story temple-form Greek Revival style building with an engaged tetrastyle portico featuring four massive stuccoed solid brick columns. The interior is primarily a single room with plaster walls and 21 foot high ceiling, undecorated except for a large circular plaster medallion in the center.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Zion Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Bishopville Lee County, South Carolina. It was built in 1911, and is a linear gable-front, temple-form, two-story brick building in the Neoclassical style. Set upon a raised brick foundation, the buildings most imposing feature is its tetrastyle portico featuring a full-width masonry stair with cheek walls and monumental limestone columns and pilasters of the Ionic order. Directly to the rear of the church building is a small, one-story lateral-gabled frame building, constructed in 1851 as Mt. Zions Session House.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Rembert Church, also known as Rembert Methodist Church, is a historic Methodist church located near Woodrow, Lee County, South Carolina. It was built about 1835, and is a plain meeting house style rectangular building with clapboard siding. The adjacent cemetery was established in 1800. It is one of the earliest Methodist congregations in South Carolina, with a Methodist Society meeting as early as 1785. In its early days it was frequently visited by Francis Asbury, the first Bishop of the Methodist Church of the United States.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Olive Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at 301 Church Street in Mullins, Marion County, South Carolina. It was built between 1922 and 1926, and is a one-story, Late Gothic Revival style brick cruciform building. It has a complex hip and gable roof and features twin corner towers of unequal height, a stained glass oculus above each entrance at the second level, a belfry containing four large pointed arch openings, and a large tripartite Gothic-arched leaded stained glass window flanked by stained glass lancet windows. The church played a major role in the African-American community in Mullins.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Old Ebenezer Church, also known as Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is a historic church located near Latta, Marion County, South Carolina. It was built in 1856, and is a one-story, rectangular meeting house style frame church sheathed in white clapboard. It has two entrances on the main façade, corresponding doors on the rear façade, and a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Long Cane Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is a historic Associate Reformed Presbyterian church in McCormick County, South Carolina four miles west of Troy, South Carolina on SC 33–36. Adjacent to the church building is a cemetery dating to circa 1790.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History of congregation</h2><br>
<p>Long Cane&#39;s origins date to 1771, when the church was established as an Associate Presbyterian congregation, one of several fostered before the American Revolution by Dr. Thomas Clark (d. 1792). Clark and one hundred families had emigrated from Ireland in 1764, and had settled in Stillwater, and then Salem, New York; several families soon moved south, settling near Long Cane Creek, near what was then called "the Calhoun settlement" in the South Carolina backcountry. Dr. Clark himself moved to South Carolina in 1782 and served as minister of the Long Cane, Cedar Creek (later Cedar Springs), and Little Run (or Little River) congregations until he returned to the North in mid-1783, but returned to the Long Cane and Cedar Creek settlement shortly after the American Revolution, remaining here until his death.</p><br>
<p>The original congregation at Long Cane was called "the Fort Boone congregation" because church, school, and physical security was provided in the fortifications (built after the Indian massacre of 1760) of Fort Boone. The original congregation at Long Cane united with the Cedar Springs Church on March 7, 1786, and withdrew on September 15, 1808. A later part of the congregation moved to the Presbyterian Church during 1818–1819, but reunited with the Cedar Springs Church from 1828 to 1892.</p><br>
<h2>History of current building</h2><br>
<p>This current Greek Revival church building was constructed by William Henry Jones of Atlanta, a building contractor, and dedicated by Dr. Sloan on July 20, 1856. During the dedication Dr. Sloan preached from Habakkuk 2:20, "But the Lord is in His Holy Temple; let all the earth keep silent before Him". The wooden structure is 44 x 64 feet with a 10-foot porch and gallery around three sides. It remains largely original except for additions of small rooms near the pulpit which were added in 1892 when the church discontinued the use of the Session House in back of the church, which had served also as a school. Its cemetery of more than 500 graves includes burials of several charter members of Long Cane Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church from the period 1790–1856, when this church was exceptionally significant in the formation, growth, and development of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church as a whole. The church rests on a foundation of handmade brick piers, with a pierced brick curtain wall added at a later date. The façade features a fully engaged tetrastyle Roman Doric portico with an unadorned entablature and a steeply pitched pediment. Originally covered in wooden shingles, the roof was by ca. 1950 covered with diamond-shaped asbestos shingles. A small brick flue pierces the roof ridge at the center of the building. The interior auditorium is two stories in height with flushboard walls and ceiling. The gallery features a continuously paneled knee wall, ranked wooden floors, and simple handmade pews.</p><br>
<h2>List of pastors</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Thomas Clark, 1786–1791</p><br>
<p>Rev. Peter McMullen, (interim)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Alex Porter, 1797–1803</p><br>
<p>Rev. John T. Pressly, 1828–1831</p><br>
<p>Rev. W. R. Hemphill, 1837–1848</p><br>
<p>Rev. H. T. Sloan, 1850-1890</p><br>
<p>Dr. Robert Foster Bradley, 1891–1930</p><br>
<p>St. John Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran congregation in Pomaria, South Carolina affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It traces its origins to 1754, when Reformed minister Rev. John Glasser of Thurgau moved to the area to minister to nearby German-speaking settlements. It was the first Reformed church in the Dutch Fork.</p><br>
<p>After worshipping in log cabins, the congregation moved into the "Old White Church", a painted wood-frame structure, in 1809. The historic church served as its house of worship for 141 years, until the modern brick structure was opened in 1950. The Old White Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Lutheran Church, also known as St. Johns German Evangelical Church of Walhalla, is a historic church at 301 W. Main Street in Walhalla, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>There is a preschool run by the church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was constructed by The German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation to address the inconvenience faced by many Walhalla residents in reaching the nearest church, which was located at a considerable distance. The planning for the church began in 1858, coinciding with the congregations decision to allow sermons in English. Ground clearing commenced in early 1859, and construction was completed in 1861. However, the onset of the Civil War presented challenges for the churchs management, as a significant portion of the congregation was involved in the Confederate Army. Once they came back, the church faced financial issues due to the prevalence of Confederate notes and other useless forms of paper money in the treasury, though this improved through slight ways. In the later 1860s, a bell was added to the church and kerosene lights replaced candles. Eventually, the bell came out of use, presumably before the replacement of the Town Clock and its pairing bell in 1888. This bell is still in use, shaking the building when it sounds. The original plain glass windows were replaced with stained glass in 1910. Until the 1960s, a major source of lighting for the church was a chandelier, now in the foyer of the parish house. The modern Parish House, Church Office, and Fellowship Hall were built from 1969–1971. The Sunday School Building was renovated in 1973–1974. In 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran church located at 390 Hampton Street in Elloree, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1914, and is a one-story, granite Late Gothic Revival style cruciform plan church building. The building replaced a wood-frame church built in 1889 that was destroyed by fire in 1913 after being struck by lightning. It features 16 granite and limestone buttresses and distinctive custom limestone arched door and window surrounds.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at 185 Boulevard NE in Orangeburg, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. It was built between 1928 and 1944 and is a two-story, brick Late Gothic Revival-style church building on a raised basement. It features a large Tudor arched stained glass window with molded cast stone surround.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>White House Global Methodist Church, also known as the White Meeting House and White Church, is a historic Global Methodist Church located near Bowman, South Carolina. It was built about 1850, and is a one-story, rectangular frame meeting house style building. It forms one-of three campuses of the Bowman Charge Global Methodist Church in the area, with Ebenezer and Wightman Global Methodist Churches being the other two members. White House Global Methodist houses the oldest Methodist congregation in Orangeburg County, dating back to the late 1780s. Francis Asbury visited the congregation in 1801 and 1803.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>On June 11, 2024, the Bowman Charge announced on Facebook its formal departure from the United Methodist Church, and as of July 1, 2024, join the Global Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located at 1198 Glover Street in Orangeburg, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. It was built between 1915 and 1925, and is a one-story, brick Gothic Revival-style church building on a raised basement. It features two towers on the facade with pyramidal roofs and Gothic arched stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Ebenezer Lutheran Chapel is a historic Lutheran chapel located in Columbia, South Carolina. It was built in 1830, and rebuilt in 1870, while the restoration took place in 1993 and is a brick church that was extensively renovated in 1900. The front façade features two square towers and finely detailed art glass windows. Adjacent to the church is a Lutheran cemetery which dates to the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Ladson Presbyterian Church is a historic African American Presbyterian church located at 1720 Sumter Street in Columbia, South Carolina. The religious building was initially a chapel founded in 1838 and, rebuilt in 1896, and is a one-story-over-raised-basement, rectangular red brick building in the Renaissance Revival style. It has a front gable roof and features two brick entrance towers. The congregation was founded in 1838, as an offshoot congregation of the First Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Street United Methodist Church is a historic church at 1401 Washington Street in Columbia, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1872 and added to the National Register in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On December 15, 1803 John Harper and a small number of Methodists in Columbia decided to build a church on the corner of Washington and Marion streets. The following year, a church building was erected and congregations have been worshiping at the site ever since.</p><br>
<p>The first building was a plain wooden structure, which was completed in 1804. That building stood where the present sanctuary stands today. It was the first church building to be constructed in Columbia. Because several Methodist churches have sprung from its founding, Washington Street has been called the “Mother Church” of Methodism in Columbia. The Reverend John Harper, the founder of the church, was ordained by John Wesley, and Bishop Francis Asbury visited and shepherded the young congregation until his death in 1815.</p><br>
<p>A young William Capers was appointed pastor of Washington Street Church in 1818 and was reappointed to Washington Street Church in 1831, 1835, and 1846 and was consecrated bishop in 1846. In 1829 at the urging of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, a prominent planter, Capers founded the Methodist Episcopal Churchs mission to slaves and served as the missions first superintendent. He was one of four Washington Street pastors to become a bishop. He lies buried beneath the altar of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-seven years after the first small church was built, a wave of religious enthusiasm dictated the need for a larger building to accommodate the crowds attending services. The cornerstone for a substantial brick building was laid at the same site as the previous smaller church on June 14, 1831. That building was destroyed by fire on February 17–18, 1865, when the troops of General William T. Sherman captured and burned Columbia. According to legend, the Union troops were looking for the First Baptist Church, original site of the secession convention, and were directed to Washington Street Church by the Baptist sexton. A small, temporary church with a seating capacity of 400 was constructed in 1866 from brick salvaged from the burned church.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend William Martin, who once served as a pastor of Washington Street Church and whose family played an important role in the city of Columbia during and after the Civil War, traveled throughout the South and in the North as far as Philadelphia, New York, and Buffalo, telling Washington Street&#39;s story and soliciting funds for its rebuilding. The fourth and current building, constructed from a Gothic Revival design was dedicated on June 20, 1875.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A stained-glass window with a cross and crown motif is a memorial to the Reverend William Martin. That window was placed in an alcove high above the pulpit in 1900. Another window portraying Christ in the Temple is located in the Leavitt Choir Room, formerly part of the 1901 Sunday school building. Windows depicting the life of Christ with no human figures line the walls of the sanctuary. These windows were dedicated on Easter Sunday 1914.</p><br>
<p>Music for services is provided by a E.M. Skinner organ located in the choir loft. This instrument was obtained through the efforts of D.A. Pressley, long-time organist and director of music. The organ was completed in February 1922.</p><br>
<p>A Sunday school building was added in 1928. The 1959 addition includes Christ Chapel, Threatt Fellowship Hall, and a kitchen. Christ Chapel was dedicated during Holy Week of 1960. The windows of Christ Chapel depict the life of Christ, his humanity and his divinity. The Rose Window on the back wall contains the “I am” sayings from the Book of John. Panels by Jean McWhorter depict the church year. The Christ Chapel courtyard was dedicated in 1998. The courtyard contains several plantings: variegated elaeagnus from John Wesleys London Chapel, ivy from the Wesley parsonage at Epworth, and ten miniature boxwoods from the original stock planted at George Washingtons home at Mount Vernon in 1798.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard between the education building and the sanctuary was renovated during 2003. The courtyard is a memorial garden and contains a columbarium with 36 niches for the interment of cremated remains. Graves in this garden go back to the early 1800s. In the garden is the tombstone of William Maxwell Martin, the son of the Rev. William Martin. Many historical accounts claim that he was the first casualty of the Civil War. The tombstone appears to be broken, but actually it was left “unfinished,” symbolizing his death at an early age. A fragment of stone is mounted on the wall. This fragment is part of a tablet that was placed in the church in 1857 along with two other memorial tablets and is part of the Rev. William M. Kennedy&#39;s tablet. It is all that was left after the burning of the church in February 1865.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the church began a soup cellar to serve the many needy homeless people in Columbia, and a Children&#39;s Development Center to serve preschoolers was started.</p><br>
<p>A Children&#39;s Library on the second floor of the education building was opened on May 21, 2000. The library provides children with books and other reading materials. There are over 1200 books currently available in the library. A stained glass window shows Jesus with the little children. It was given in honor of Washington Street member Nan Self, who has dedicated her life to the education of children, both in public school and at Washington Street. The animal furniture and other child-related items add to the ambience of the room.</p><br>
<p>The McDonald Library was moved to the second floor in 2004. This library supports the educational programs of the church. The collection contains over 1500 books on theology, Bible study, philosophy and ethics, church history, and biographies of famous theologians and other religious persons. In addition to the libraries, an improved History and Archives Room was set up on the third floor. The room is temperature controlled and items are alphabetically filed by category. Washington Street United Methodist Church is one of only two churches in the South Carolina Conference to receive the Herbert A. Hucks award twice. These awards were given to the church for its efforts in the preservation of history. A museum in which artifacts are displayed is located just outside the Archives and History Room. A chair once owned by Bishop William Capers is a featured item on display. Two new classrooms now occupy the former senior minister&#39;s study and McDonald Library space.</p><br>
<p>The music ministry continues to be an important activity at Washington Street United Methodist Church. A new Steinway grand piano was purchased for the sanctuary in 2007 and the E.M. Skinner organ was refurbished and dedicated as the Ralph R. Rozier E.M. Skinner organ in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Leadership</h2><br>
<p>Washington Street Church has been served by four bishops: James O. Andrew, William Capers, A. Coke Smith, and J. O. Smith. Over the years, the clergy and lay members have pioneered in the fields of Christian education, missions, and social service.</p><br>
<p>Woodrow Memorial Presbyterian Church  is a historic church in Columbia, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1885 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In addition to its National Register of Historic Places status, it falls within the boundaries of Waverly Protection Area, a Preservation District within the City of Columbia Urban Design and Historic Preservation District system, as well as in Waverly Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Hopkins Presbyterian Church, also known as Hopkins Methodist Church, is a historic church building located near the junction of CR 66 and CR 86 in Hopkins, Richland County, South Carolina. It was built about 1891, and is a small, one-story frame building. It was built by a Methodist congregation, and purchased by a Presbyterian congregation in 1919.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Spann Methodist Church and Cemetery is a historic Methodist church and cemetery located at 150 Church Street in Ward, Saluda County, South Carolina. The church was established and built in 1873. Unchanged since building, it is a one-story, frame meeting house form church with Greek Revival style elements. The front facade features an engaged tetrastyle portico with a pedimented gable roof. The cemetery was established about 1842, and includes a significant collection of funerary art dating to the late-19th and early-20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Episcopal Church of the Advent is a historic Episcopal church at 141 Advent Street in Spartanburg, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival building was constructed in 1851 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Advent is significant both as the home of the first Episcopal congregation organized in Spartanburg County, and as an excellent example of a Gothic Revival sanctuary and church complex designed before the Civil War, with significant alterations and additions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The sanctuary was designed in 1851 by the Reverend John DeWitt McCollough, rector at the Church of Advent 1850-1857 and 1859–1875, with later major alterations and additions designed by Silas McBee (1853-1954) and A. H. Ellwood and Sons in 1897. McCollough is also known to have designed a number of other churches in South Carolina. Major H.J. Dean&#39;s quarry supplied the granite for the church, and slaves or free blacks, including several skilled carpenters, performed much of the labor. The sanctuary was finally completed in early 1864; a bell tower was added in 1870. The sanctuary was enlarged in 1897 to its current cruciform plan. Pendleton Hall, built 1912-13 as an addition to the north side of the sanctuary and designed by A. H. Ellwood and Sons, served as the parish hall for many years. The Church of the Advent also sponsors Boy Scout Troop No.1, founded in 1914 by Dr. Pendleton as the first Boy Scout troop organized in South Carolina. The Boy Scout hut on the church grounds was built in 1927. The church cemetery surrounds the sanctuary. Many of its monuments are of notable artistic merit.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church of Woodruff  is a historic church on West Georgia Street in Woodruff, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1911 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>On January 4, 2010, the First Presbyterian Church of Woodruff (ARP) was purchased by Paul Kaminer for a private residence named Paul&#39;s Palace. The building was restored and renovated during a 5-year renovation project into the luxurious home of Paul and Katherine Kaminer. The home features such things as a spiral staircase to the mezzanine, a six-sided master bed chamber with 14 foot ceiling, a domed ceiling over the formal areas with pilasters in each room and rosettes for decor, and a master bath with heated floor. All rooms are themed with items gleaned from around the world in the travels of Paul Kaminer including an African-themed family room, an Icelandic-themed kitchen, Oriental-themed formal livingroom and dining room, Native American-themed parlor, Gothic-themed half bath, South American themed-master bath, calla lily-themed master bed chamber, angel-themed entry hall in the bell tower, and other themes in the 4,000 sq. ft. home. The yards are terraced with statuary scattered throughout the gardens. The fully private back yard includes a hot-tub.</p><br>
<p>Salem Black River Presbyterian Church  is a historic church in Sumter, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house of worship, commonly called Brick Church, was founded by Scotch-Irish settlers in 1759 on land given by Capt. David Anderson. The original log meeting house was replaced by a frame building and named Salem Presbyterian Church in 1768. The first brick church was built in 1802 and used until 1846 when the present church was built of brick made on the grounds. The Old Session house (1846) in the rear contains a large library given by James McBride Dabbs in 1862. Land for the cemetery, dating from 1794 was deeded by Robert Witherspoon in 1830. Among the notable ministers to serve this church was Dr. Thomas Reese, scholar, teacher and preacher before the American Revolution. In 1867 African-American members withdrew to form Goodwill Presbyterian Church, about a mile away. (Goodwill Church, and the attached parochial school, have long been influential in the Presbyterian Church, and particularly among Black Presbyterians.)</p><br>
<p>Salem Black River is not an active congregation at present (2024) but is used occasionally for family and community events.</p><br>
<p>The Salem Black River Presbyterian Church was added to the National Register in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Vandalism</h2><br>
<p>Satanic symbols and messages were spray-painted on the churchs exterior on September 29, 2017. The front door to the church also had been kicked in, but the interior was undamaged. Personnel at Shaw Air Force Base provided the Sumter County Sheriffs Office with names of possible suspects, resulting in four arrests.</p><br>
<p>Episcopal Church of the Nativity is a historic Episcopal church located at Church and Pinckney Streets in Union, Union County, South Carolina. Construction was started in 1855, but was interrupted by the American Civil War and completed shortly thereafter. The building is a stone Gothic Revival-style church and features a Tiffany stained glass chancel triplet window. Hiram Powers, an American sculptor, carved the octagonal white Carrara marble font that stands in the nave of the church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Padgett&#39;s Creek Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church located at 843 Old Buncombe Rd, Union, South Carolina near Cross Keys, Union County, South Carolina. It was built between 1844 and 1848, and is a plain, rectangular two-story meeting house building over slightly raised brick supports. The front has a portico added in 1958. There is also a one-story rear addition.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church near Clover, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was founded in 1764 and is the oldest church in York County, which was still considered part of North Carolina in 1764. Bethel is one of the oldest churches in the region and is the mother church of many neighboring congregations. The church was established by Rev. William Richardson, minister of the Old Waxhaw Presbyterian Church in Lancaster County, South Carolina, to service the burgeoning population on the west side of the Catawba River. Colonel Samuel Watson was an influential member of Bethel, as well as highly respected in the community. When talk of rebellion became general, Watson quickly rose to the cause. Watson was elected to the South Carolina Provincial Congress of 1775-1776 and participated in the framing of South Carolina&#39;s first written constitution. Colonel Watson was the grandfather of Rev. Samuel Lytle Watson, Pastor of Bethel Presbyterian Church for 42 years. Bethel Church was incorporated by the Legislature of South Carolina, March 22, 1786, with the title, "The Presbyterian Church of Bethel Congregation". Bethel become part of the Southern Presbyterian Church. The present church building, the fourth house of worship, was built in 1873. 52 Revolutionary War soldiers buried in its historic cemetery. Among them is Thomas Neel, a War of Independence hero and a founding elder of the church. Many Confederate soldiers are buried there as well. On July 1, 1973, Bethel Presbyterian Church voted unanimously to withdraw from the Presbyterian Church US (PCUS) and join a new group of believers, the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). In 2014 the church celebrated its 250th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The current church building was constructed in 1873, immediately adjacent to the earlier church, which was torn down. The current structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The church, a local interpretation of a colonial meeting house. The heavy post and beam, hand-hewn, wooden pegged construction is unusual for so late in the century, especially when lighter, more rapid assembled methods were in common use. The king post truss used in Bethels roof structure is an ancient design found in some of Americas earliest churches. Bethel represents an architectural achievement during a time of political and social upheaval and economic adversity that marked the Reconstruction era. Bethels congregation constructed a commodious house of worship under severely reduced circumstances, doing so without incurring debt. A large well-tended cemetery covers three acres of a ridge on the propertys east side. Enclosed by a stone wall, it contained some three to four thousand graves in 1887. _ Adopted from the South Carolina Department of Archives and History</p><br>
<p>National Register Properties in South Carolina</p><br>
<h2>List of Pastors</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Hezekiah Balch 1770-1776</p><br>
<p>Rev. Francis Cummins 1782-1789</p><br>
<p>Rev. George G. McWhorter 1796-1801</p><br>
<p>Rev. James S. Adams (Stated Supply) 1811-1840</p><br>
<p>Rev. Samuel L. Watson 1840-1882</p><br>
<p>Rev. Robert A. Webb 1882-1887</p><br>
<p>Rev. G.S. Robinson 1888-1890</p><br>
<p>Rev. David S. McAllister 1891-1899</p><br>
<p>Rev. William B. Arrowood 1899-1909</p><br>
<p>Rev. Robert Adams 1910-1914</p><br>
<p>Rev. R.K. Timmons 1914-1916</p><br>
<p>Rev. George W. Nickell 1917-1924</p><br>
<p>Rev. A.H. Key 1925-1933</p><br>
<p>Dr. Tilden Scherer (Temporary Supply) 1934-1937</p><br>
<p>Dr. Tilden Scherer 1937-1950</p><br>
<p>Rev. David Coblentz 1951-1961</p><br>
<p>Rev. Kenneth L. Newman 1962-1966</p><br>
<p>Rev. James L. Moss 1967-1971</p><br>
<p>Rev. Vernon N. West 1972-1986</p><br>
<p>Rev. John A. Gess 1986–2015</p><br>
<p>Rev. J. Marcus Van Vlake 2015–Present</p><br>
<p>The Cooper Mansion is a property in Laramie, Wyoming, that is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1921, when Richard, Barbara, and John Cooper, who inherited from their father, Frank Cooper&#39;s, vast estate of mineral rights, which people had to be a resident of the United States to access. The house was designed by Wilbur Hitchcock. Barbara Cooper died in 1979, and the University of Wyoming bought it in 1980. It currently houses the American Studies program at the university.</p><br>
